16. A more detailed version of this argument can be found in Kent Calder’s paper, "Energy: Catalyst for Asian Political Conflict?"
17. EIA, International Energy Outlook 1998.
18. British Petroleum Statistical Review of World Energy 1998; Primary Energy—Consumption by Fuel Tables. www.bp.com//bpstats/tables/pricon2.htm.
19. Smil, Vaclav. "China’s Energy and Resource Uses: Continuity and Change." The China Quarterly. December 1998, London.
20. "China: Coal Exports Strike Rich Seam, Diversify Markets." Asiainfo Daily China News, Dallas, January 26, 1999, c. Asia Intelligence Wire from FT Information.
21. "China: Coal Exports Strike Rich Seam, Diversify Markets." Asiainfo Daily China News, Dallas, January 26, 1999, c. Asia Intelligence Wire from FT Information.
22. "Digging For Trouble." The Economist, February 1, 1997, London. 23. Smil, ibid. Nothing demonstrates better China’s inefficiency in large-scale coal mining than the fact that despite its reserves, it no longer produces the bulk of the country’s coal. China’s coal production share slipped from 56% of the national output in 1979 to half in 1984, and 40% by 1995. Virtually all of China’s output growth since 1987 is due to collectively or individually owned local mines. 24. Smil, ibid. 25. "China’s Acid Rain Becoming Asia’s Problem." The Daily Yomiuri Shimbun, Tokyo, June 24, 1998. 26. British Petroleum Statistical Review of World Energy 1998; Primary Energy—Consumption by Fuel Tables. www.bp.com//bpstats/tables/pricon2.htm. 27. Sen, Ardhendu. "Energy Security in Asia," from the Tata Energy Research Institute in New Delhi, India. Paper presented at the APC Seminar on Energy Security, 15 January 1999, Honolulu, Hawaii. 28. Sen, ibid. 29. Sen, ibid. 30. British Petroleum, Table on Oil Consumption in Barrels By Country 1997, www.bp.com//bpstats/tables/pricon2.htm.